The meaning making process of parents who lost their children due to political violene: A phenomenological study
Authors
-
Stefany Valentia
Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia
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Winarini Wilman D. Mansoer
Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia
https://doi.org/10.24854/jpu95
Keywords:
child loss, parents meaning-making, political violence, Semanggi 1 tragedyAbstract
This study aims to discover the experience of parents who lost their child as a result from political violence in 1998 and to outline their meaning-making process after the loss of their child. The study was conducted using qualitative method with phenomenological approach. Participants were parents of an undergraduate student who became the victim of the incident (some refer them as ‘Reformation Heroes’), approached through convenience sampling. Data were collected by using in-depth interviews. Several themes elicited from the interview results in both parents: sorrow and resentment; refusal of loss; loss of happiness, warmth, enthusiasm, and hope; detachment from social life; social support; justice effort; and faith. Analytical findings showed that eventhough the incident has occured more than 20 years ago, participants were still going through complicated grief. Parents construe their child’s death as an ongoing sacrifice effort for justice, hence they are commited to end it by demanding legal justice.
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References
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Arnold, J. & Gemma, P. (2008). The continuing process of parental grief. Death Studies, 32, 658-673.
Bauwens, J. (2017). Losing a family member in an act of terror: A review from the qualitative grey literature on the long-term affects of September 11, 2001. Clinical and Social Work Journal, 45, 146–158. doi: 10.1007/s10615-017-0621
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Dyregrov, K., Dyregrov, A., & Kristensen, P. (2015). Traumatic bereavement and terror: The psychosocial impact on parents and siblings 1.5 years after the July 2011 terror killings in Norway. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 20(6), 556-576. doi: 10.1080/15325024.2014.957603
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Kristensen, P., Weisæth, L., & Heir, T. (2012). Bereavement and mental health after sudden and violent losses: A review. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 75(1), 76–97.
Kübler-Ross, E. (1970). On death and dying. London: Taylor and Francis.
Kumar, R. (2011). Research methodology, a step-by-step guide for beginners (3rd ed.). London, UK: Sage Publication.
Lestari, S. (2018). Kasus penembakan mahasiswa Trisakti, Semanggi I dan II, belum selesai setelah 20 Tahun Reformasi. BBC Indonesia. Ditemu kembali dari https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-43940189
Lichtenthal, W., Currier, J., Neimeyer, R., & Keesee, N. (2010). Sense and signi?cance: A mixed methods examination of meaning making after the loss of one’s child. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 66(7), 791–812. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20700
Lichtenthal, W. G., Neimeyer, R. A., Currier, J. M., Roberts, K., & Jordan, N. (2013). Cause of death and the quest for meaning after the loss of a child. Death Studies, 37(4), 311-342. doi: 10.1080/07481187.2012.673533
Matthews, L. T., & Marwit, S. J. (2004). Examining the assumptive world views of parents bereaved by accident, murder, and illness. Omega, 48(2), 115–136. doi: 10.2190/KCB0-NNVB-UGY6-NPYR
Murphy, S. A., Johnson, L. C., Chung, I. J., & Beaton, R. D. (2003). The incidence of PTSD following the violent death of a child and predictors of change over time. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16, 17–26.
Murphy, S. A., Johnson, L. C., Wu, L., Fan, J. J., & Lohan, J. (2003). Bereaved parents’ outcomes 4 to 60 months after their children’s deaths by accident, suicide, or homicide: A comparative study demonstrating differences. Death Studies, 27(1), 39-61.
Papalia, D. E., Martorell, G., & Feldman, R. D. (2012). Experience human development (12th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Peach, M. R. & Klass, D. (1987). Special issues in the grief of parents of murdered children. Death Studies, 11(2), 81-88. doi: 10.1080/07481188708252179
Prigerson, H. G., Horowitz, M. J., Jacobs, S.C., Parkes, C. M., Aslan, M., Goodkin, K., Maciejewski, P. K. (2009). Prolonged grief disorder: Psychometric validation of criteria proposed for DSM-V and ICD-11. PLoS Medicine, 6(8). doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000121
Saka, Y., & Cohen-Louck, K. (2014). From demonization to identification: How parents who lost children in terrorist attacks perceive the attacker. Journal of Loss and Trauma: International Perspectives on Stress & Coping, 19(2), 137-154. doi: 10.1080/15325024.2012.743323
Song, J., Floyd, F. J., Seltzer, M. M., Greenberg, J. S., & Hong, J. (2010). Long-term effects of child death on parents’ health-related quality of life: A dyadic analysis. Fam. Relat., 59(3), 269–282. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-3729.2010.00601.x
Stroebe, M., Schut, H., & Finkenauer, C. (2013). Parents coping with the death of their child: From individual to interpersonal to interactive perspectives. Family Science, 4(1), 28–36. doi: 10.1080/19424620.2013.819229
Wijngaards-de Meij, L., Stroebe, M., Schut, H., Stroebe, W., van den Bout, J., van derHeijden, P., & Dijkstra, I. (2005). Couples at risk following the death of their child: Predictors of grief versus depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 617–623. doi: 10.1037/0022006X.73.4.617
Wijngaards-de Meij, L., Stroebe, M., Stroebe, W., Schut, H., van den Bout, J., van derHeijden, P., & Dijkstra, I. (2008). The impact of circumstances surrounding the death of a child on parents' grief. Death Studies, 32(3), 237-252. doi: 10.1080/07481180701881263
Worden, J. W. (2008). Grief counseling and grief therapy a handbook for the mental health practitioner (4th ed.). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.
Arnold, J. & Gemma, P. (2008). The continuing process of parental grief. Death Studies, 32, 658-673.
Bauwens, J. (2017). Losing a family member in an act of terror: A review from the qualitative grey literature on the long-term affects of September 11, 2001. Clinical and Social Work Journal, 45, 146–158. doi: 10.1007/s10615-017-0621
Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
Dyregrov, K., Dyregrov, A., & Kristensen, P. (2015). Traumatic bereavement and terror: The psychosocial impact on parents and siblings 1.5 years after the July 2011 terror killings in Norway. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 20(6), 556-576. doi: 10.1080/15325024.2014.957603
Dyregrov, K., Dyregrov, A., & Kristensen, P. (2016). In what ways do bereaved parents after terror go on with their lives, and what seems to inhibit or promote adaptation during their grieving process? A qualitative study. Journal of Death and Dying, 73(4), 374–399. doi: 10.1177/0030222816653851
Kristensen, P., Weisæth, L., & Heir, T. (2012). Bereavement and mental health after sudden and violent losses: A review. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 75(1), 76–97.
Kübler-Ross, E. (1970). On death and dying. London: Taylor and Francis.
Kumar, R. (2011). Research methodology, a step-by-step guide for beginners (3rd ed.). London, UK: Sage Publication.
Lestari, S. (2018). Kasus penembakan mahasiswa Trisakti, Semanggi I dan II, belum selesai setelah 20 Tahun Reformasi. BBC Indonesia. Ditemu kembali dari https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-43940189
Lichtenthal, W., Currier, J., Neimeyer, R., & Keesee, N. (2010). Sense and signi?cance: A mixed methods examination of meaning making after the loss of one’s child. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 66(7), 791–812. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20700
Lichtenthal, W. G., Neimeyer, R. A., Currier, J. M., Roberts, K., & Jordan, N. (2013). Cause of death and the quest for meaning after the loss of a child. Death Studies, 37(4), 311-342. doi: 10.1080/07481187.2012.673533
Matthews, L. T., & Marwit, S. J. (2004). Examining the assumptive world views of parents bereaved by accident, murder, and illness. Omega, 48(2), 115–136. doi: 10.2190/KCB0-NNVB-UGY6-NPYR
Murphy, S. A., Johnson, L. C., Chung, I. J., & Beaton, R. D. (2003). The incidence of PTSD following the violent death of a child and predictors of change over time. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16, 17–26.
Murphy, S. A., Johnson, L. C., Wu, L., Fan, J. J., & Lohan, J. (2003). Bereaved parents’ outcomes 4 to 60 months after their children’s deaths by accident, suicide, or homicide: A comparative study demonstrating differences. Death Studies, 27(1), 39-61.
Papalia, D. E., Martorell, G., & Feldman, R. D. (2012). Experience human development (12th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Peach, M. R. & Klass, D. (1987). Special issues in the grief of parents of murdered children. Death Studies, 11(2), 81-88. doi: 10.1080/07481188708252179
Prigerson, H. G., Horowitz, M. J., Jacobs, S.C., Parkes, C. M., Aslan, M., Goodkin, K., Maciejewski, P. K. (2009). Prolonged grief disorder: Psychometric validation of criteria proposed for DSM-V and ICD-11. PLoS Medicine, 6(8). doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000121
Saka, Y., & Cohen-Louck, K. (2014). From demonization to identification: How parents who lost children in terrorist attacks perceive the attacker. Journal of Loss and Trauma: International Perspectives on Stress & Coping, 19(2), 137-154. doi: 10.1080/15325024.2012.743323
Song, J., Floyd, F. J., Seltzer, M. M., Greenberg, J. S., & Hong, J. (2010). Long-term effects of child death on parents’ health-related quality of life: A dyadic analysis. Fam. Relat., 59(3), 269–282. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-3729.2010.00601.x
Stroebe, M., Schut, H., & Finkenauer, C. (2013). Parents coping with the death of their child: From individual to interpersonal to interactive perspectives. Family Science, 4(1), 28–36. doi: 10.1080/19424620.2013.819229
Wijngaards-de Meij, L., Stroebe, M., Schut, H., Stroebe, W., van den Bout, J., van derHeijden, P., & Dijkstra, I. (2005). Couples at risk following the death of their child: Predictors of grief versus depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 617–623. doi: 10.1037/0022006X.73.4.617
Wijngaards-de Meij, L., Stroebe, M., Stroebe, W., Schut, H., van den Bout, J., van derHeijden, P., & Dijkstra, I. (2008). The impact of circumstances surrounding the death of a child on parents' grief. Death Studies, 32(3), 237-252. doi: 10.1080/07481180701881263
Worden, J. W. (2008). Grief counseling and grief therapy a handbook for the mental health practitioner (4th ed.). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.
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Published
2019-12-01
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Valentia, S., & Mansoer, W. W. D. (2019). The meaning making process of parents who lost their children due to political violene: A phenomenological study. Jurnal Psikologi Ulayat, 6(2), 202–226. https://doi.org/10.24854/jpu95
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Copyright (c) 2019 Winarini Wilman D. Mansoer, Stefany Valentia
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