The dynamics of ethnic and national identities in the process of becoming an Indonesian: The Bataknese case

Meutia Nauly; Irmawati Irmawati; Ridhoi Meilona Purba; Rahma Fauzia

doi:10.24854/jpu398

Authors

Meutia Nauly Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
Irmawati Irmawati Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
Ridhoi Meilona Purba Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
Rahma Fauzia Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Indonesia

https://doi.org/10.24854/jpu398

Keywords:

Bataknese, ethnic identity, national identity, process of becoming an Indonesian

Abstract

This qualitative study is particularly focused on the North Sumatera context; it investigates the dynamics of ethnic and national identities of Bataknese youths in the defining themselves as an Indonesian. Thirty-one individuals (six local figures and 25 Bataknese youths) participated in the study. The results illustrated the strengthening process of ethnic identity through exploring family and environmental common practices. The strengthening of ethnic identity was also found to occur in concurrent with the strengthening of national identity, as manifested in the participants’ willingness to maintain harmony in their society. The study concludes that the strengthening of ethnic identity positively shapes one’s national identity. Student participants and local figures expressed concern about the sustainability of cultural cultivation which is necessary to shape ethnic identity among young Bataknese. The study recommends a Batak kinship model known as dalihan na tolu, in which many families with different tasks and roles, flexibly manage differences to strengthen national identity based on the philosophy of Bhinneka Tunggal Ika.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Berutu, L., & Nurbani, P. (2007). Tradisi dan perubahan. Grasindo Monoratama.

Brata, I. B. (2016). Kearifan budaya lokal perekat identitas bangsa. Jurnal Bakti Saraswati (JBS), 5(1), 9-16.

Bronfenbrenner, U., & Ceci, S. (1994). Nature-nurture reconceptualized in developmental perspective: A bioecological model. Psychological Review, 101, 568–586.

Bronfenbrenner, U., & Evans, G. W. (2000). Developmental science in the 21st century: Emerging questions, theoretical models, research designs and empirical findings. Social Development, 9(1), 115–125. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9507.00114

Bronfenbrenner, U., & Morris, P. A. (1998). The ecology of developmental processes. Dalam W. Damon & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Theoretical models of human development (hlm. 993–1028). John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Creswell, J. W. (2010). Research design: Pendekatan kualitatif, kuantitatif, dan mixed. Pustaka Pelajar.

Crocetti, E., Sica, L. S., Schwartz, S. J., Serafini, T., & Meeus, W. (2013). Identity styles, dimensions, statuses, and functions: Making connections among identity conceptualizations. European Review of Applied Psychology, 63(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erap.2012.09.001

Damanik, H. (2018). Batak dan bukan batak: Paradigma sosiohistoris tentang konstruksi identitas etnik di Kota Medan, 1906-1939. Jurnal Sejarah Citra Lekha, 3(2), 71–87. https://doi.org/10.14710/jscl.v3i2.19624

Darling, N. (2007). Ecological systems theory: The person in the center of the circles. Research in Human Development, 4(3-4), 203–217. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427600701663023

Devos, T., Spini, D., & Schwartz, S. (2002). Conflicts among human values and trust in institutions. The British Journal of Social Psychology, 41, 481–494. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466602321149849

Elder, G. (1998). The life course as developmental theory. Child Development, 69(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06128.x

Ellemers, N., Spears, R., & Doosje, B. (2002). Self and social identity. Annual Review of Psychology, 53(1), 161–186. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135228

Ellemers, N., Van Rijswijk, W., Roefs, M., & Simons, C. (1997). Bias in intergroup perceptions: Balancing group identity with social reality. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23(2), 186-198.

Fadjukoff, P., Pulkkinen, L., & Kokko, K. (2005). Identity processes in adulthood: Diverging domains. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 5(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532706xid0501_1

Feeny, S., Leach, M., & Scambary, J. (2012). Measuring attitudes to national identity and nation-building in Papua New Guinea. Political Science, 64(2), 121–144. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032318712466762

Gartner, S. L., Dovidio, J. F., & Bachman, B. A. (1996). Revisiting the contact hypothesis: The induction of a common ingroup identity. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20(3-4), 271–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-1767(96)00019-3

Gartner, S. L., Dovidio, J. F., Banker, B. S., Houlette, M., Johnson, K. M., & McGlynn, E. A. (2000). Reducing intergroup conflict: From superordinate goals to decategorization, recategorization, and mutual differentiation. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 4(1), 98–114. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2699.4.1.98

Gartner, S. L., Dovidio, J. F., Rust, M. C., Nier, J. A., Banker, B. S., Ward, C. M., Mottola, G. R., & Houlette, M. (1999). Reducing intergroup bias: Elements of intergroup cooperation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(3), 388–402. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.3.388

Gergen, K. J. (2001). Social construction in context. Sage.

Gergen, K. J., Gulerce, A., Lock, A., & Misra, G. (1996). Psychological science in cultural context. American Psychologist, 51(5), 496–503. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.51.5.496

Gong, L. (2007). Ethnic identity and identification with the majority group: Relations with national identity and self-esteem. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 31(4), 503–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2007.03.002

Gonggong, A. (2014, Mei 17-18). Nasionalisme: Pengalaman di Indonesia. Proceeding Seminar Nasional dan Temu Alumni. Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta. http://eprints.unm.ac.id/3236/1/3.Prosiding%20SEMNAS%20%26%20Temu%20Alumni%202014-Jogyakarta.pdf

Himawan, K. K. (2021). Memotret wajah psikologis masyarakat Indonesia: Pentingnya konsep dan pengukuran psikologi yang ulayat. Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengukuran Psikologi, 10(1), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.21009/JPPP.101.01

Huddy, L. & Khatib, N. (2007). American patriotism, national identity, and political involvement. American Journal of Political Science, 51(1), 63–77. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4122906

Ihsanuddin. (2019, Maret 16). Jokowi: Sumatera Utara miniatur Indonesia. Kompas. https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2019/03/16/21162081/jokowi-sumatera-utara-miniatur-indonesia?page=all.

Liu, J. H., Lawrence, B., Ward, C., & Abraham, S. (2002). Social representations of history in Malaysia and Singapore: On the relationship between national and ethnic identity. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 5(1), 3–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-839X.00091

Lubis, M. (2013). Manusia Indonesia. Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia.

Moghaddam, F. M. (2005). Great ideas in psychology: A cultural and historical introduction. Oneworld Publications.

Moningka, C., Owena, A., & Herlita. (2020). Adaptasi skala identitas etnis: Studi pada etnis Jawa dan etnis Tionghoa di Indonesia. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pakar ke 3 Tahun 2020 Buku 2: Sosial dan Humaniora. Lembaga Penelitian Universitas Trisakti. https://trijurnal.lemlit.trisakti.ac.id/pakar/article/view/6919

Nauly, M., Purba, R. M. & Fauzia, R. (2017). Effectiveness of harmony in differences: Increasing in universal difference orientation, sensitivity intercultural, thinking flexibility and prejudice. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Social and Political Development (ICOSOP 2017). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/icosop-17.2018.3

Nauly, M., Purba, R. M. & Fauzia, R. (2019). Pengaruh identitas etnik dan harga diri terhadap identitas nasional: Peran universal-diverse orientation sebagai mediator [Laporan penelitian kuantitatif tidak dipublikasikan]. Konsorsium Psikokultural Indonesia.

Pelly, U. (2016). Etnisitas dalam politik multikultural (Buku II). Casa Mesra Publisher.

Perceka, M. Z., Fahmi, I., & Kurniadewi, E. (2019). Identitas etnik dan asertivitas mahasiswa suku Sunda. Jurnal Psikologi Islam dan Budaya (JPIB), 2(2), 139-151. https://doi.org/10.15575/jpib.v2i2.5641

Phinney, J. S. (1992). The multigroup ethnic identity measure: A new scale for use with diverse groups. Journal of Adolescent Research, 7(2), 156–176. https://doi.org/10.1177/074355489272003

Phinney, J. S., Cantu, C. Lou, & Kurtz, D. A. (1997). Ethnic and American identity as predictors of self-esteem among African American, Latino, and White adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 26(2), 165-185. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024500514834

Poerwandari, E. K. (2005). Pendekatan kualitatif untuk penelitian perilaku manusia. LPSP3 UI.

Rodriguez, L., Schwartz, S. J., & Whitbourne, S. (2010). American identity revisited: The relation between national, ethnic, and personal identity in a multiethnic sample of emerging adults. Journal of Adolescent Research, 25(2), 324–349. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558409359055

Rohman, A., & Ningsih, Y. E. (2018, September 29). Pendidikan multikultural: Penguatan identitas nasional di era revolusi industri 4.0. Seminar Nasional Multidisiplin. UNWAHA Jombang. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/298086074.pdf

Sarifah, R. (2016). Identitas sosial dengan prasangka pada prajurit TNI AD terhadap anggota kepolisian. Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi Terapan, 4(1), 75–88. https://doi.org/10.22219/jipt.v4i1.2879

Sarwono, S. W. (2012). Terorisme di Indonesia: Dalam tinjauan psikologi. Pustaka Alvabet.

Schwartz, S. J., Luyckx, K., & Vignoles, V. L. (Eds.). (2011). Handbook of identity theory and research. Springer Science + Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7988-9

Sihombing, A. (2018). Mengenal budaya Batak Toba melalui falsafah “dalihan na tolu” (Perspektif kohesi dan kerukunan). Jurnal Lektur Keagamaan, 16(2), 347–371. http://dx.doi.org/10.31291/jlk.v16i2.553

Spinner-Halev, J., & Theiss-Morse, E. (2003). National identity and self-esteem. Perspectives on Politics, 1(3), 515–532. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3688709

Stets, J. E., & Burke, P J. (2000). Identity theory and social identity theory. Social Psychology Quarterly, 63(3), 224–237.

Surijah, E. A., Ayuningtias, A. U. H., Hartika, L. D., & Suryani, A.O. (2019). My nationality or my ethnicity? The pride and attitudes of Balinese youth as citizen of Indonesia. Makara Human Behavior Studies In Asia, 23(1), 17–26. https://doi.org/10.7454/hubs.asia.1030419

Suryani, A. O., Setiadi, B., Nurrachman, N., Panggabean, H., & Wibawa, D. S. (2019). National identity as predicted by ethnic identity and social distance with multiculturalism as mediator: A study involving Chinese Indonesian students in Jakarta. Makara Human Behavior Studies In Asia, 23(2), 172–180. https://doi.org/10.7454/hubs.asia.1170719

Tarakanita, I. & Megarini, M. Y. (2011, Mei 9). Hubungan antara identitas etnik dan prestasi akademik pada mahasiswa Perguruan Tinggi Swasta di Bandung. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Psikologi Multikulturalisme. Badan Penerbit Universitas Muria Kudus. http://repository.maranatha.edu/4448/1/Hubungan%20antara%20Identitas%20Etnik%20dan%20Prestasi%20Akademik%20pada%20Mahasiswa%20Perguruan%20Tinggi%20Swasta%20di%20Bandung.pdf

Tudge, J. R. H., Odero, D., Hogan, D., & Etz, K. (2003). Relations between the everyday activities of preschoolers and their teachers’ perceptions of their competence in the first years of school. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 18(1), 42-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/S08852006(03)00005-X

Verkuyten, M., & Yildiz, A. A. (2007). National (dis)identification and ethnic and religious identity: A study among Turkish-Dutch Muslims. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(10), 1448–1462. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167207304276

	EndNote
	Mendeley
	Zotero
	iThenticate