Motives, psychological impacts, and support for human trafficking victims in East Timor
Authors
-
Indra Yohanes Kiling
Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Nusa Cendana, Indonesia
-
Beatriks Novianti Kiling-Bunga
Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Nusa Cendana, Indonesia
https://doi.org/10.24854/jpu88
Keywords:
human trafficking, motive, psychological impact, supportAbstract
Female adults in East Nusa Tenggara (Nusa Tenggara Timur; NTT) are at risk to be victims of national and international human trafficking. This research describes the motives, psychological impacts, and supports perceived by adult female victims from NTT. Qualitative approach was applied with thematic analysis as the analysis method. Participants were five victims of human trafficking aged between 21 – 37 years old who have returned to NTT. It was found that participants were motivated to worked outside NTT due to economical, familial, and social reasons, while some other participants also reported being forced to work abroad. The perceived psychological impacts were maladaptive behaviors, deep sadness, helplessness, and being ashamed by stigma associated with being victims. Supports that were positively meaningful were the opportunity to share with other victims and to have a counseling sessions with mental health practitioners. Initiative to improve mental health services is indispensable as a base to combat human trafficking and to support victims.
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References
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Human trafficking of children in Illinois: Prevalence and characteristics. Children and Youth Services Review, 69, 127-135. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.08.010
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Zimmerman, C., & Watts, C. (2004). Risk and responsibilities: guidelines for interviewing trafficked women. The Lancet, 363(9408), 565. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15547-5
Bergman, A. L. (2013). For their own good? Exploring legislative responses to the commercial sexual exploitation of children and the Illinois safe children act. Vanderbilt Law Review, 65(5), 1361-1400.
Cho, S-Y., Dreher, A., & Neumayer, E. (2013). Does legalized prostitution increase human trafficking? World Development, 41(1), 67-82. doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.05.023
Clarke, V., & Braun, V. (2013). Teaching thematic analysis: Overcoming challenges and developing strategies for effective learning. The Psychologist, 26(2), 120-123.
Clayton, E. W., Krugman, R. D., & Simon, P. (2013). Confronting commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking of minors in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
Cunningham, K. C.. & Cromer, L. D. (2016). Attitudes About Human Trafficking: Individual Differences Related to Belief and Victim Blame. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 31(2), 228-244. doi: 10.1177/0886260514555369
Denzin, K. N., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Handbook of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Fuadi, M. A. (2011). Dinamika psikologis kekerasan seksual: Sebuah studi fenomenologi. Psikoislamika, 8(2), 191-208.
Havlicek, J., Huston S., Boughton, S., & Zhang, S. (2016).
Human trafficking of children in Illinois: Prevalence and characteristics. Children and Youth Services Review, 69, 127-135. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.08.010
Haynes, D. F. (2014). The celebritization of human trafficking. The Annals of American Academy of Political and Social Science, 653(1), 25-45. doi: 10.1177/0002716213515837
Hom, K. A., & Woods, S. J. (2013). Trauma and its aftermath for commercially sexually exploited women as told by front-line service providers. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 34(2), 75-81. doi: 10.3109/01612840.2012.723300
Institute Resource Governance and Social Change. (2014). Human slavery in modern Indonesia. Ditemu kembali dari http://www.irgsc.org/slavery-in-indonesia.html
International Organization for Migration. (2012). IOM 2011 Case Data on Human Trafficking: Global Figures & Trends. Ditemu kembali dari: https://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/sites/antitrafficking/files/iom_global_trafficking_data_on_assisted_cases_2012.pdf
Ismail, M. (2018). ASEAN: Epicentre of human trafficking. The ASEAN Post. Ditemu kembali dari https://theaseanpost.com/article/asean-epicentre-human-trafficking
Jokowi: Stop perdagangan manusia. (2014). Tempo.co. Ditemu kembali dari http://www.tempo.co/read/news/2014/12/20/058629881/Jokowi-Stop-Perdagangan-Manusia
Kleinschmidt, L. (2009). Keeping mother alive: Psychotherapy with a teenager mother following human trafficking. Journal of Child Psychotherapy, 35(3), 262-275. doi: 10.1080/00754170903234416
Konrad, R. A., Trapp, A. C., Palmbach, T. M., Blom, J. S. (2017). Overcoming human trafficking via operations research and analytics: Opportunities for methods, models, and applications. European Journal of Operational Research, 259(2), 733-745. doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2016.10.049
Macy, R. J., & Johns, N. (2011). Aftercare services for international sex trafficking survivors: Informing U.S. service and program development in an emerging practice area. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 12(2), 87-98. doi: 10.1177/1524838010390709
Nguyen, P. T., Coverdale, J. H., & Gordon, M. R. (2017). Identifying, treating, and advocating for human trafficking victims: A key role for psychiatric inpatient units. General Hospital Psychiatry, 46, 41-43. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2017.02.006
Petrunov, G. (2014). Human Trafficking in Eastern Europe: The Case of Bulgaria. The Annals of American Academy, 653(1), 162-182. doi: 10.1177/0002716214521556
Rafferty, Y. (2007). Children for sale: Child trafficking in Southeast Asia. Child Abuse Review, 16(6), 401-422. doi: 10.1002/car.1009
Sintas. (2018). Dalam Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. Ditemu kembali dari https://kbbi.web.id/sintas
Stotts, E. Jr., & Ramey, L. (2009). Human trafficking: A call for counselor awareness and action. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education, and Development, 48(1), 36-47. doi: 10.1002/j.2161-1939.2009.tb00066.x
Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia. (2007). Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia nomor 21 tahun 2007 tentang pemberantasan tindak pidana perdagangan orang. Ditemu kembali dari http://www.kemenpppa.go.id/jdih/peraturan/UU-21-2007.pdf
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2009). Anti-human trafficking manual for criminal justice practitioner. Ditemu kembali dari http://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/TIP_module3_Ebook.pdf
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2019). Human trafficking. Ditemu kembali dari https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/what-is-human-trafficking.html
Welman, J. C., & Kruger, S. J. (1999). Research methodology for the business and administrative sciences. Johannesburg, SA: International Thompson.
Wooditch, A. (2012). Human trafficking law and social structures. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 56(5), 673-690. doi: 10.1177/0306624X11415964
World Health Organization. (2012). Understanding and addressing violence against women. (2012). Ditemu kembali dari http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/77394/1/WHO_RHR_12.42_eng.pdf
Zimmerman, C., & Hossain, M. C. W. (2011). Human trafficking and health: a conceptual model to inform policy, intervention and research. Social Science & Medicine, 73(2), 327-335. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.05.028
Zimmerman, C., & Watts, C. (2004). Risk and responsibilities: guidelines for interviewing trafficked women. The Lancet, 363(9408), 565. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15547-5
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Published
2019-06-01
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Kiling, I. Y., & Kiling-Bunga, B. N. (2019). Motives, psychological impacts, and support for human trafficking victims in East Timor. Jurnal Psikologi Ulayat, 6(1), 83–101. https://doi.org/10.24854/jpu88
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Copyright (c) 2019 Indra Yohanes Kiling, Beatriks Novianti Kiling-Bunga
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