How Javanese, Minangnese, and Chinese people interpret enterpreneurship: A social representation study
Authors
-
Okki Sutanto
Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Atma Jaya, Indonesia
-
Nani Nurrachman
Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Atma Jaya, Indonesia
https://doi.org/10.24854/jpu73
Keywords:
enterpreneurship, javanese, minangese, chinese, social representationAbstract
The important link between culture and entrepreneurship has often been overlooked by psychological research on entrepreneurship. The present study explores the meaning of entrepreneurship among three ethnic groups in Indonesia: Javanese, Minangese, and Chinese. Using the perspective of social representation theory, especially the structural approach, this study employs the mixed-method design. By using quantitative approach with Hierarchized Evocation method on 122 subjects the attributes and structure of entrepreneurship’s social representation were discovered. The central core elements of the Javanese were autonomy and hard work, the Minangese were trading, products, capital, and autonomy, and for the Chinese were strategy and management and hard work. The qualitative approach using interview conducted on 11 entrepreneurs found that each ethnic group views entrepreneurship differently. The different views manifested on several aspects such as the motivation to start a business, the important values and views regarding entrepreneurship. Some attributes which were found to be unique for each ethnic were honesty and nrimo for the Javanese, observance to religion and belongingness to one’s hometown for the Minangese, and creativity and patience for the Chinese.
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References
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de Rosa, A. S. (2002). The associative network: A technique for detecting structure, contents, polarity, and stereotiping indexes of semantic fields. European Review of Applied Psychology, 52(3), 181-200.
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Liguori, A., Fasanelli, R., Galli, I., & Iacob, L. (2014). Lay representations of an economic global crisis among different Italian and Romanian social groups. Psychology Series, 23(2), 5-46.
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Panggabean, H. (2002). Proses modifikasi kultural pada karakteristik intercultural sensitivity dalam kelompok kerja Indonesia. Jurnal Psikologi, 14(2), 72-91.
Permanadeli, R. (2015). Dadi wong wadon (representasi sosial perempuan Jawa di era modern). Jakarta: Pustaka Ifada.
Quenza, C. J. P. (2005). On the structural approach to social representations. Theory & Psychology, 15(1), 77-100.
Rahim, H. L., & Mohtar, S. (2015). Social entrepreneurship: A different perspective. International Academic Research Journal of Business and Technology, 1(1), 9-15.
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Riyanti, B. P. D. (2007). Creativity, Self-Efficacy, and Intention to be entrepreneur among student from 4 private university in Java, Indonesia, Prosiding International Conference on Lifelong Learning, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 26-28 November 2007. Kuala Lumpur: National University of Malaysia.
Riyanti, B. P. D. (2010). Kontribusi Psikologi dalam Penciptaan Kewirausahaan di Indonesia. Buku Pidato Pengukuhan Guru Besar Tetap Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya. Jakarta: Penerbit Universitas Atma Jaya.
Riyanti, B. P. D. (2014). Factor influencing the success of creative industry business in Jakarta. Transaksi: Jurnal Bisnis, Ekonomi, dan Sosial, 6(1), 45-53.
Riyanti, B. P. D., & Oktavia, A. (2004). Gambaran intensi berwirausaha pada mahasiswa di beberapa suku (Laporan penelitian tidak dipublikasikan). Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya, Indonesia.
Scott, J., & Marshall, G. (2005). A Dictionary of Sociology. Chicago, IL: Oxford University Press.
Seidman, E. (1988). Back to the future, community psychology: Unfolding a theory of social intervention. American Journal of Community Psychology, 16(1), 3-24.
Seng, A. W. (2006). Rahasia bisnis orang cina. Jakarta: Mizan Publika.
Setiyadi, D. B. P. (2012). Pemahaman kembali local wisdom etnik Jawa dalam tembang macapat dan pemanfaatannya sebagai media pendidikan budi pekerti bangsa. Magistra, 24(79), 71-76.
Sin, Y. (2016). Young Singaporeans ‘more open to entrepreneurship’. Ditemu kembali dari http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/young-singaporeans-more-open-to-entrepreneurship
Stark, A. (2013). The matrilineal system of the minangkabau and its persistence throughout history: A structural perspective. Southeast Asia: A Multidiciplinary Journal, 13, 1-13.
Sukardi, I. S. (1991). Intervensi terencana faktor-faktor lingkungan terhadap pembentukkan sifat-sifat entrepreneur (entrepreneur traits) (Disertasi tidak dipublikasikan). Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia.
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Vergès, P. (1994). Representation of Economics by French and Polish students. In T. Tyszka (Ed.), Cognitive Representations of Economics (pp. 103-112). Warsawa: Institute of Psychology.
Vidyatmoko, D., & Rosadi, A. H. Y. (2015). Faktor utama kesuksesan wirausaha di industri pangan. Jurnal Manajemen Teknologi, 14(1), 2015, 47-65.
Wagner, W., & Hayes, N. (2005). Everyday discourse and common sense: The theory of social representations. New York, NY: Palgrave MacMillan.
Yueh, L. (2008). China’s entrepreneur. Ditemu kembali dari http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/cp253.pdf
Alfian, M. (2013). Potensi kearifan lokal dalam pembentukan jati diri dan karakter bangsa, Prosiding The 5th International Conference on Indonesian Studies: Ethnicity and Globalization, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 13-14 Juni 2013. Yogyakarta: Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Indonesia.
Anthony, S. (2015). How Singapore became an entrepreneurial hub. Ditemu kembali dari https://hbr.org/2015/02/how-singapore-became-an-entrepreneurial-hub
Aziz, F. (2016). Higher Education Ministry launches initiative to develop entrepreneurial education. New Straits Times. Ditemu kembali dari https://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/04/139340/higher-education-ministry-launches-initiative-develop-entrepreneurial-education
Christine. (2004). Gambaran 9 trait wirausaha, intensi, sikap, norma subyektif, dan perceived behaviour control pada mahasiswa Tionghoa (Skripsi tidak dipublikasikan). Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya, Indonesia.
Decker, R. (2014). The role of entrepreneurship in US job creation and economic dynamism. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 28(3), 3-24.
de Rosa, A. S. (2002). The associative network: A technique for detecting structure, contents, polarity, and stereotiping indexes of semantic fields. European Review of Applied Psychology, 52(3), 181-200.
Farr, R. M. (1993). Common sense, science, and social representations. Public Understanding of Science, 2(3), 189-204.
Fitranie, S. Y. (2006). Uji validitas dan reliabilitas alat ukur sembilan sifat wirausaha pada wirausaha di Jakarta dan sekitarnya (Skripsi tidak dipublikasikan). Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya, Indonesia.
Hastuti, P. C., Thoyib, A., Troena, E. A., & Setiawan, M. (2015). The Minang entrepreneur characteristic. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 211, 819-826.
Hisrich, R. D. (2005). Entrepreneurship education and research. Wiesbaden, Germany: Deutsche University Press.
Howarth, C. (2006). A social representations is not a quiet thing: Exploring the critical potential of social representations theory. British Journal of Social Psychology, 45, 65-86.
Irawan, P. (2006). Sembilan sifat wirausaha terhadap wirausaha etnis Tionghoa di Bangka (Skripsi tidak dipublikasikan). Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya, Indonesia.
Kao, J. J. (1991). The entrepreneur. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Kementerian Perindustrian. (2011). Kemenperin mengembangkan wirausaha baru yang berdaya saing global. Ditemu kembali dari http://www.kemenperin.go.id/artikel/3241/Kemenperin-Mengembangkan-Wirausaha-Baru-yang-Berdaya-Saing-Global
Kerlinger, F. N. (1990). Foundations of behavioural research. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
Kmiec, R. & Roland-Lévy, C. (2013). Social representations of risk and economics among young European citizens: a cross-cultural study. Dalam P. Cunningham (Ed.), Identities and Citizenship Education: Controversy, crisis and challenges (pp. 625-635). London: CiCe.
Liguori, A., Fasanelli, R., Galli, I., & Iacob, L. (2014). Lay representations of an economic global crisis among different Italian and Romanian social groups. Psychology Series, 23(2), 5-46.
Liyanto, A. P. (2006). Uji validitas dan reliabilitas sembilan sifat wirausaha terhadap wirausaha etnis Tionghoa di Bangka (Skripsi tidak dipublikasikan). Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya, Indonesia.
Low, A. M., & Tan, W. L. (1996). Entrepreneurs, entrepreneurship, and enterprising culture. New York, NY: Addison-Wesley.
Mair, J., & Noboa, E. (2006). Social entrepreneurship: How intentions to create a social venture are formed. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Mangundjaya, W. L. H. (2011). The correlation and impact of uncertainty avoidance to innovative behavior: A study among Minangkabau entrepreneurs, 10th International Entrepreneurship Forum, Tamkeen, Bahrain, 9-11 Januari 2011, Tamkeen, Bahrain: University of Essex.
Mansoer, C. (1970). Meninjau alam Minangkabau. Jakarta: Penerbit Segara.
Margianto, H. (2012). Indonesia butuh 4 juta wirausaha. Ditemu kembali dari http://bisniskeuangan.kompas.com/read/2012/04/29/18332038/Indonesia.Butuh.4.Juta.Wirausaha
Morisson, A. J. (1999). Entrepreneurship: An international perspective. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
Muluk, H., & Murniati, J. (2007). Konsep kesehatan mental menurut masyarakat etnik Jawa dan Minangkabau. Jurnal Psikologi Sosial, 13(2), 167-181.
Munir, M. (2013). Hidup di rantau dengan damai: nilai-nilai kehidupan orang Minangkabau dalam menyesuaikan diri dengan lingkungan budaya baru, Prosiding The 5th International Conference on Indonesian Studies: Ethnicity and Globalization, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 13-14 Juni 2013. Yogyakarta: Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Indonesia.
Panggabean, H. (2002). Proses modifikasi kultural pada karakteristik intercultural sensitivity dalam kelompok kerja Indonesia. Jurnal Psikologi, 14(2), 72-91.
Permanadeli, R. (2015). Dadi wong wadon (representasi sosial perempuan Jawa di era modern). Jakarta: Pustaka Ifada.
Quenza, C. J. P. (2005). On the structural approach to social representations. Theory & Psychology, 15(1), 77-100.
Rahim, H. L., & Mohtar, S. (2015). Social entrepreneurship: A different perspective. International Academic Research Journal of Business and Technology, 1(1), 9-15.
Rahman, H. (2016). Merantau - an informal entrepreunial learning pattern in the culture of Minangkabau tribe in Indonesia, International Conference on Entrepreneurship 2016, Tangerang, Indonesia, 17 Maret 2016. Tangerang: Universitas Pelita Harapan.
Ricklefs, M. C. (2001). A History of Modern Indonesia since c. 1200. Hampshire, UK: Palgrave.
Riyanti, B. P. D. (2007). Creativity, Self-Efficacy, and Intention to be entrepreneur among student from 4 private university in Java, Indonesia, Prosiding International Conference on Lifelong Learning, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 26-28 November 2007. Kuala Lumpur: National University of Malaysia.
Riyanti, B. P. D. (2010). Kontribusi Psikologi dalam Penciptaan Kewirausahaan di Indonesia. Buku Pidato Pengukuhan Guru Besar Tetap Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya. Jakarta: Penerbit Universitas Atma Jaya.
Riyanti, B. P. D. (2014). Factor influencing the success of creative industry business in Jakarta. Transaksi: Jurnal Bisnis, Ekonomi, dan Sosial, 6(1), 45-53.
Riyanti, B. P. D., & Oktavia, A. (2004). Gambaran intensi berwirausaha pada mahasiswa di beberapa suku (Laporan penelitian tidak dipublikasikan). Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya, Indonesia.
Scott, J., & Marshall, G. (2005). A Dictionary of Sociology. Chicago, IL: Oxford University Press.
Seidman, E. (1988). Back to the future, community psychology: Unfolding a theory of social intervention. American Journal of Community Psychology, 16(1), 3-24.
Seng, A. W. (2006). Rahasia bisnis orang cina. Jakarta: Mizan Publika.
Setiyadi, D. B. P. (2012). Pemahaman kembali local wisdom etnik Jawa dalam tembang macapat dan pemanfaatannya sebagai media pendidikan budi pekerti bangsa. Magistra, 24(79), 71-76.
Sin, Y. (2016). Young Singaporeans ‘more open to entrepreneurship’. Ditemu kembali dari http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/young-singaporeans-more-open-to-entrepreneurship
Stark, A. (2013). The matrilineal system of the minangkabau and its persistence throughout history: A structural perspective. Southeast Asia: A Multidiciplinary Journal, 13, 1-13.
Sukardi, I. S. (1991). Intervensi terencana faktor-faktor lingkungan terhadap pembentukkan sifat-sifat entrepreneur (entrepreneur traits) (Disertasi tidak dipublikasikan). Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia.
Suryadinata, L. (2002). Negara dan etnis Tionghoa: Kasus Indonesia. Jakarta: LP3ES.
Suyanto. (1990). Pandangan hidup Jawa. Semarang: Dahana Prize.
Tan, M. G. (1981). Golongan Etnis Tionghoa di Indonesia. Jakarta: Gramedia.
Tan, M. G. (2008). Etnis Tionghoa di Indonesia: Kumpulan tulisan. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
Vergès, P. (1994). Representation of Economics by French and Polish students. In T. Tyszka (Ed.), Cognitive Representations of Economics (pp. 103-112). Warsawa: Institute of Psychology.
Vidyatmoko, D., & Rosadi, A. H. Y. (2015). Faktor utama kesuksesan wirausaha di industri pangan. Jurnal Manajemen Teknologi, 14(1), 2015, 47-65.
Wagner, W., & Hayes, N. (2005). Everyday discourse and common sense: The theory of social representations. New York, NY: Palgrave MacMillan.
Yueh, L. (2008). China’s entrepreneur. Ditemu kembali dari http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/cp253.pdf
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Published
2018-06-01
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Sutanto, O., & Nurrachman, N. (2018). How Javanese, Minangnese, and Chinese people interpret enterpreneurship: A social representation study. Jurnal Psikologi Ulayat, 5(1), 86–108. https://doi.org/10.24854/jpu73
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