NSSI (Nonsuicidal Self-Injury) of emerging adults in Jakarta: An interpretative phenomenological approach
Authors
-
Olphi Disya Arinda
Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia
-
Winarini Wilman Dahlan Mansoer
Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia
https://doi.org/10.24854/jpu150
Keywords:
interpretative phenomenological analysis, NSSI, young adultAbstract
The phenomenon of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is still understudied in Indonesia. In fact, exploring such a phenomenon is essential to guide our understanding of the phenomenon and to develop appropriate clinical treatment. This study aims to explore the experience and meaning-making process of individuals who committed NSSI. Using a phenomenological approach, interviews were conducted to four young adult women (aged 21–22 years) in Jakarta with a history of NSSI. Interpretative phenomenological analysis identified five themes in their experiences: a sense of relief, secrecy, a lack of mindfulness, repetitiveness, and suicidal tendencies. The longer the individual committed NSSI, the more likely they were to commit suicide. All participants interpreted their NSSI experience as a coping strategy to deal with feelings of emptiness and negative emotions. This study provides useful insight for prevention and treatment of NSSI.
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References
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Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469
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Bresin, K., & Schoenleber, M. (2015). Gender differences in the prevalence of nonsuicidal self-injury: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 38, 55-64.
Brown, T. B., & Kimball, T. (2013). Cutting to live: A phenomenology of self-harm. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 39, 195–208.
Chapman, A. L., Gratz, K. L., & Brown, M. Z. (2006). Solving the puzzle of deliberate self-harm: The experiential avoidance model. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 371–394.
Claes, L., Luyckx, K., & Bijttebier, P. (2014). Non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents: Prevalence and associations with identity formation above and beyond depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 61–62, 101–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.12.019
Cooper, J., Hunter. C., Owen-Smith, A., Gunnell, D., Donovan, J., Hwaton, K., & Kapur, N. (2011). ‘Well it’s like someone at the other end cares about you’. A qualitative study exploring the views of users and providers of care of contact-based interventions following self-harm. General Hospital Psychiatry, 33, 166–176.
Creswell, J. (2014). Research design. Sage.
Favazza, A. R. (2012). Nonsuicidal self-injury: How categorization guides treatment. Current Psychiatry, 11(3), 21-25.
Hamza, C. A., Willoughby, T. (2016). Nonsuicidal self-injury and suicidal risk among emerging adults. Journal of Adolescent Health, 59(4), 411-415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.05.019
Hawton, K., Saunders, K. E., & O’Connor, R. C. (2012). Self-harm and suicide in adolescents. The Lancet, 379, 2373–2382.
Hume, M., & Platt, S. (2007). Appropriate interventions for the prevention and management of self-harm: A qualitative exploration of service users’ views. BMC Public Health, 7(1), 9.
Hunter, C., Chantler, K., Kapur, N., & Cooper, J. (2013). Service user perspectives on psychosocial assessment following self-harm and its impact on further help-seeking: A qualitative study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 145, 315–323.
Kiekens, G., Hasking, P., Bruffaerts, R., Claes, L., Baetens, I., Boyes, M., Mortier, P., Demyttenaere, K., & Whitlock, J. (2017). What predicts ongoing nonsuicidal self-injury? The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 205(10), 762-770.
Klonsky, E. D. (2007) The functions of deliberate self-injury: A review of the evidence. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 226–239.
Kranzler, A., Fehling, K. B., Anestis, M. D., & Selby, E. A. (2016). Emotional dysregulation, internalizing symptoms, and self-injurious and suicidal behavior: Structural equation modeling analysis. Death Studies, 40(6), 358-366.
Kurniawaty, R. (2012). Dinamika psikologis pelaku self-injury (Studi kasus pada wanita dewasa awal). Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengukuran Psikologi, 1(1), 13-22.
Liu, R. T., Cheek, S. M., & Nestor, B. A. (2016). Non-suicidal self-injury and life stress: A systematic meta-analysis and theoretical elaboration. Clinical Psychology Review, 47, 1-14.
Mahtani, S., Melvin, G., & Hasking, P. (2017). Shame proneness, shame coping, and functions of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) among emerging adults. Emerging Adulthood, 6(3), 159-171.
Maidah, D. (2013). Self-injury pada mahasiswa (Studi kasus pada mahasiswa pelaku self-injury). Developmental and Clinical Psychology, 2(1), 6-13.
Mars, B., Heron, J., Crane, C., Hawton, K., Kidger, J., Lewis, G., Macleod, J., Tilling, K., & Gunnell, D. (2014). Differences in risk factors for self-harm with and without suicidal intent: Findings from the ALSPAC cohort. Journal of Affective Disorders, 168, 407-414.
Martin, J., Bureau, J. F., Yurkowski, K., Fournier, T. R., Lafontaine, M. F., & Cloutier, P. (2016). Family-based risk factors for non-suicidal self-injury: Considering influences of maltreatment, adverse family-life experiences, and parent–child relational risk. Journal of Adolescence, 49, 170-180.
National Institute for Clinical Excellence. (2011). Self-harm: Longer-term management (CG 133). NICE. Ditemu kembali dari https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg133/evidence/full-guideline-184901581
Nock, M. (2008). Actions speak louder than words: An elaborated theoretical model of the social functions of self-injury and other harmful behaviors. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 12(4), 159-168.
O’Connor, R.C., Rasmussen, S., & Hawton, K. (2009). Predicting deliberate self-harm in adolescents: A six month prospective study. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 39, 364–375.
Pickard, H. (2015). Self-harm as violence: When victim and perpetrator are one. Palgrave Macmillan.
Rodav, O., Levy, S., & Hamdan, S. (2014). Clinical characteristics and functions of non-suicide self-injury in youth. European Psychiatry, 29(8), 503-508.
Rodham, K., Hawton, K., & Evans, E. (2004). Reasons for deliberate self-harm: Comparison of self-poisoners and self-cutters in a community sample of adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 80–87.
Schwartz, S. J., Zamboanga, B. L., Luyckx, K., Meca, A., & Ritchie, R. A. (2013). Identity in emerging adulthood: Reviewing the field and looking forward. Emerging Adulthood, 1, 96–113. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696813479781
Shaw, S. N. (2006). Certainty, revision, and ambivalence: A qualitative investigation into women’s journeys to stop self-injuring. Women & Therapy, 29, 153–175.
Sinclair, L., & Leach, R. (2017). Exploring thoughts of suicide. BMJ, 30(356), j1128. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j1128
Smith, J. A., Flowers, P., & Larkin, M. (2009). Interpretative phenomenological analysis: Theory, method and research. Sage.
Smith, J. A. (2011). Evaluating the contribution of interpretative phenomenological analysis. Health Psychology Review, 5, 9–27.
Smith, J. A., & Osborn, M. (2015). Interpretative phenomenological analysis as a useful methodology for research on the lived experience of pain. British Journal of Pain, 9(1), 41-42.
Swahn, M. H., Ali, B., Bossarte, R. M., Van Dulmen, M., Crosby, A., Jones, A. C., & Schinka, K. C. (2012). Self-harm and suicide attempts among high-risk, urban youth in the US: Shared and unique risk and protective factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 9(1), 178-191.
Taliaferro, L. A., & Muehlenkamp, J. J. (2015). Risk factors associated with self-injurious behavior among a national sample of undergraduate college students. Journal of American College Health, 63(1), 40-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2014.953166
Townsend, E. (2015). Self-harm in young people. Evidence-Based Mental Health, 17(4), 97-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/eb-2014-101840
Turner, V. (2002). Secret scars: Uncovering and understanding the addiction of self-injury. Hazelden.
Victor, S. E., Muehlenkamp, J. J., Hayes, N. A., Lengel, G. J., Styer, D. M., & Washburn, J. J. (2018). Characterizing gender differences in nonsuicidal self-injury: Evidence from a large clinical sample of adolescents and adults. Comprehensive psychiatry, 82, 53-60.
Victor, S. E., Hipwell, A. E., Stepp, S. D., & Scott, L. N. (2019). Parent and peer relationships as longitudinal predictors of adolescent non-suicidal self-injury onset. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 13(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-018-0261-0
Vieira, M., Pires, M., & Pires, O. (2016). Self-mutilation: Pain intensity, triggering and rewarding factors. Revista Dor, 17(4), 257-260. https://doi.org/10.5935/1806-0013.20160084
Wadman, R., Clarke, D., Sayal, K., Vostanis, P., Armstrong, M., & Harroe, C., Majumder, P., & Townsend, E. (2016). An interpretative phenomenological analysis of the experience of self-harm repetition and recovery in young adults. Journal of Health Psychology, 22(13), 1631-1641. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105316631405
Whitlock, J., Minton, R., Babington, P., & Ernhout, C. (2015). The relationship between non-suicidal self-injury and suicide. The Information Brief Series, Cornell Research Program on Self-Injury and Recovery. Ditemu kembali dari http://www.selfinjury.bctr.cornell.edu/perch/resources/the-relationship-between-nssi-and-suicide-5.pdf
Willig, C. (2013). Introducing qualitative research in psychology. McGraw-Hill.
Wolff, J. C., Thompson, E., Thomas, S. A., Nesi, J., Bettis, A. H., Ransford, B., ... Liu, R. T. (2019). Emotion dysregulation and non-suicidal self-injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Psychiatry, 59, 25-36.
Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469
Arnett, J. J. (2016). College students as emerging adults: The developmental implications of the college context. Emerging Adulthood, 4(3), 219–222. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696815587422
Biromo, A. R. (2015). Uji validitas dan reliabilitas Self-harm Behavior Questionnaire versi bahasa Indonesia [Tesis, Universitas Indonesia]. http://lib.ui.ac.id/file?file=digital/2016-5/20417225-SP-Anastasia%20Ratnawati%20Biromo.pdf
Bresin, K., & Schoenleber, M. (2015). Gender differences in the prevalence of nonsuicidal self-injury: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 38, 55-64.
Brown, T. B., & Kimball, T. (2013). Cutting to live: A phenomenology of self-harm. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 39, 195–208.
Chapman, A. L., Gratz, K. L., & Brown, M. Z. (2006). Solving the puzzle of deliberate self-harm: The experiential avoidance model. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 371–394.
Claes, L., Luyckx, K., & Bijttebier, P. (2014). Non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents: Prevalence and associations with identity formation above and beyond depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 61–62, 101–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.12.019
Cooper, J., Hunter. C., Owen-Smith, A., Gunnell, D., Donovan, J., Hwaton, K., & Kapur, N. (2011). ‘Well it’s like someone at the other end cares about you’. A qualitative study exploring the views of users and providers of care of contact-based interventions following self-harm. General Hospital Psychiatry, 33, 166–176.
Creswell, J. (2014). Research design. Sage.
Favazza, A. R. (2012). Nonsuicidal self-injury: How categorization guides treatment. Current Psychiatry, 11(3), 21-25.
Hamza, C. A., Willoughby, T. (2016). Nonsuicidal self-injury and suicidal risk among emerging adults. Journal of Adolescent Health, 59(4), 411-415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.05.019
Hawton, K., Saunders, K. E., & O’Connor, R. C. (2012). Self-harm and suicide in adolescents. The Lancet, 379, 2373–2382.
Hume, M., & Platt, S. (2007). Appropriate interventions for the prevention and management of self-harm: A qualitative exploration of service users’ views. BMC Public Health, 7(1), 9.
Hunter, C., Chantler, K., Kapur, N., & Cooper, J. (2013). Service user perspectives on psychosocial assessment following self-harm and its impact on further help-seeking: A qualitative study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 145, 315–323.
Kiekens, G., Hasking, P., Bruffaerts, R., Claes, L., Baetens, I., Boyes, M., Mortier, P., Demyttenaere, K., & Whitlock, J. (2017). What predicts ongoing nonsuicidal self-injury? The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 205(10), 762-770.
Klonsky, E. D. (2007) The functions of deliberate self-injury: A review of the evidence. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 226–239.
Kranzler, A., Fehling, K. B., Anestis, M. D., & Selby, E. A. (2016). Emotional dysregulation, internalizing symptoms, and self-injurious and suicidal behavior: Structural equation modeling analysis. Death Studies, 40(6), 358-366.
Kurniawaty, R. (2012). Dinamika psikologis pelaku self-injury (Studi kasus pada wanita dewasa awal). Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengukuran Psikologi, 1(1), 13-22.
Liu, R. T., Cheek, S. M., & Nestor, B. A. (2016). Non-suicidal self-injury and life stress: A systematic meta-analysis and theoretical elaboration. Clinical Psychology Review, 47, 1-14.
Mahtani, S., Melvin, G., & Hasking, P. (2017). Shame proneness, shame coping, and functions of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) among emerging adults. Emerging Adulthood, 6(3), 159-171.
Maidah, D. (2013). Self-injury pada mahasiswa (Studi kasus pada mahasiswa pelaku self-injury). Developmental and Clinical Psychology, 2(1), 6-13.
Mars, B., Heron, J., Crane, C., Hawton, K., Kidger, J., Lewis, G., Macleod, J., Tilling, K., & Gunnell, D. (2014). Differences in risk factors for self-harm with and without suicidal intent: Findings from the ALSPAC cohort. Journal of Affective Disorders, 168, 407-414.
Martin, J., Bureau, J. F., Yurkowski, K., Fournier, T. R., Lafontaine, M. F., & Cloutier, P. (2016). Family-based risk factors for non-suicidal self-injury: Considering influences of maltreatment, adverse family-life experiences, and parent–child relational risk. Journal of Adolescence, 49, 170-180.
National Institute for Clinical Excellence. (2011). Self-harm: Longer-term management (CG 133). NICE. Ditemu kembali dari https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg133/evidence/full-guideline-184901581
Nock, M. (2008). Actions speak louder than words: An elaborated theoretical model of the social functions of self-injury and other harmful behaviors. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 12(4), 159-168.
O’Connor, R.C., Rasmussen, S., & Hawton, K. (2009). Predicting deliberate self-harm in adolescents: A six month prospective study. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 39, 364–375.
Pickard, H. (2015). Self-harm as violence: When victim and perpetrator are one. Palgrave Macmillan.
Rodav, O., Levy, S., & Hamdan, S. (2014). Clinical characteristics and functions of non-suicide self-injury in youth. European Psychiatry, 29(8), 503-508.
Rodham, K., Hawton, K., & Evans, E. (2004). Reasons for deliberate self-harm: Comparison of self-poisoners and self-cutters in a community sample of adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 80–87.
Schwartz, S. J., Zamboanga, B. L., Luyckx, K., Meca, A., & Ritchie, R. A. (2013). Identity in emerging adulthood: Reviewing the field and looking forward. Emerging Adulthood, 1, 96–113. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696813479781
Shaw, S. N. (2006). Certainty, revision, and ambivalence: A qualitative investigation into women’s journeys to stop self-injuring. Women & Therapy, 29, 153–175.
Sinclair, L., & Leach, R. (2017). Exploring thoughts of suicide. BMJ, 30(356), j1128. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j1128
Smith, J. A., Flowers, P., & Larkin, M. (2009). Interpretative phenomenological analysis: Theory, method and research. Sage.
Smith, J. A. (2011). Evaluating the contribution of interpretative phenomenological analysis. Health Psychology Review, 5, 9–27.
Smith, J. A., & Osborn, M. (2015). Interpretative phenomenological analysis as a useful methodology for research on the lived experience of pain. British Journal of Pain, 9(1), 41-42.
Swahn, M. H., Ali, B., Bossarte, R. M., Van Dulmen, M., Crosby, A., Jones, A. C., & Schinka, K. C. (2012). Self-harm and suicide attempts among high-risk, urban youth in the US: Shared and unique risk and protective factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 9(1), 178-191.
Taliaferro, L. A., & Muehlenkamp, J. J. (2015). Risk factors associated with self-injurious behavior among a national sample of undergraduate college students. Journal of American College Health, 63(1), 40-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2014.953166
Townsend, E. (2015). Self-harm in young people. Evidence-Based Mental Health, 17(4), 97-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/eb-2014-101840
Turner, V. (2002). Secret scars: Uncovering and understanding the addiction of self-injury. Hazelden.
Victor, S. E., Muehlenkamp, J. J., Hayes, N. A., Lengel, G. J., Styer, D. M., & Washburn, J. J. (2018). Characterizing gender differences in nonsuicidal self-injury: Evidence from a large clinical sample of adolescents and adults. Comprehensive psychiatry, 82, 53-60.
Victor, S. E., Hipwell, A. E., Stepp, S. D., & Scott, L. N. (2019). Parent and peer relationships as longitudinal predictors of adolescent non-suicidal self-injury onset. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 13(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-018-0261-0
Vieira, M., Pires, M., & Pires, O. (2016). Self-mutilation: Pain intensity, triggering and rewarding factors. Revista Dor, 17(4), 257-260. https://doi.org/10.5935/1806-0013.20160084
Wadman, R., Clarke, D., Sayal, K., Vostanis, P., Armstrong, M., & Harroe, C., Majumder, P., & Townsend, E. (2016). An interpretative phenomenological analysis of the experience of self-harm repetition and recovery in young adults. Journal of Health Psychology, 22(13), 1631-1641. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105316631405
Whitlock, J., Minton, R., Babington, P., & Ernhout, C. (2015). The relationship between non-suicidal self-injury and suicide. The Information Brief Series, Cornell Research Program on Self-Injury and Recovery. Ditemu kembali dari http://www.selfinjury.bctr.cornell.edu/perch/resources/the-relationship-between-nssi-and-suicide-5.pdf
Willig, C. (2013). Introducing qualitative research in psychology. McGraw-Hill.
Wolff, J. C., Thompson, E., Thomas, S. A., Nesi, J., Bettis, A. H., Ransford, B., ... Liu, R. T. (2019). Emotion dysregulation and non-suicidal self-injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Psychiatry, 59, 25-36.
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Published
2021-05-30
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Arinda, O. D., & Mansoer, W. W. D. (2021). NSSI (Nonsuicidal Self-Injury) of emerging adults in Jakarta: An interpretative phenomenological approach. Jurnal Psikologi Ulayat, 8(1), 123–147. https://doi.org/10.24854/jpu150
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Copyright (c) 2020 Olphi Disya Arinda, Winarini Wilman Dahlan Mansoer
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