The psychological dynamic of a Pulung Gantung suicide survivor in Gunung Kidul
Authors
-
Sulistyo Budiarto
Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Sarjanawiyata Tamansiswa, Indonesia
-
Ryan Sugiarto
Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Sarjanawiyata Tamansiswa, Indonesia
-
Flora Grace Putrianti
Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Sarjanawiyata Tamansiswa, Indonesia
https://doi.org/10.24854/jpu112
Keywords:
Gunung Kidul, Pulung Gantung, suicide, suicide survivorAbstract
The high prevalence of suicide rates in Gunung Kidul deserves a scholarly attention, especially through the indigenous perspective. The existence of Pulung Gantung as a cultural myth that endorses suicidal behavior brings about a significant challenge in reducing suicidal rates. The term ‘Pulung’ is understood as a revelation, a sign or a gift, while the word ‘Gantung’ means suspension of a person by a ligature around the neck. Hence, Pulung Gantung is understood as a superstitious revelation that is believed to signal an individual to commit suicide. This study aims to identify the psychological factors that influence pulung gantung phenomenon in Gunung Kidul through phenomenological approach to a suicide survivor and his three close relatives. The results demonstrated that suicidal behavior was explained by the weak protective psychological factors, and that suicidal behavior was not performed as a response to Pulung belief; hence it provides insight to the community that suicidal behavior is preventable. This study could potentially inform the government and related parties to promote suicide prevention in the community
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References
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Biroli, A. (2018). Bunuh diri dalam perspektif sosiologi. Simulacra: Jurnal Sosiologi, 1(2), 213–223. https://doi.org/10.21107/sml.v1i2.4996
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Choi, H., & Marks, N. F. (2008). Marital conflict, depressive symptoms, and functional impairment. Journal of Marriage and Family, 70(2), 377–390. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2008.00488.x
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De Beurs, D., Fried, E. I., Wetherall, K., Cleare, S., O’ Connor, D. B., Ferguson, E., O’Carroll, R. E., & O’ Connor, R. C. (2019). Exploring the psychology of suicidal ideation: A theory driven network analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 120(May), 103419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2019.103419
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Fahrudin, A. (2012). Fenomena bunuh diri di Gunung Kidul?: Catatan tersisa dari lapangan. Jurnal Informasi, 17(01), 13–19.
Faria, M., Santos, M. R., Sargento, P., & Branco, M. (2020). The role of social support in suicidal ideation: A comparison of employed vs. unemployed people. Journal of Mental Health, 29(1), 52–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2018.1487538
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Joiner, T. (2005). Why people die by suicide. Harvard University Press.
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Katadata (2016, Desember 22). Di provinsi mana banyak orang bunuh diri? https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2016/12/22/jawa-tengah-provinsi-dengan-kasus-bunuh-diri-terbanyak-di-indonesia
Khazem, L. R. (2018). Physical disability and suicide: Recent advancements in understanding and future directions for consideration. Current Opinion in Psychology, 22, 18–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.07.018
Kleiman, E. M., & Liu, R. T. (2013). Social support as a protective factor in suicide: Findings from two nationally representative samples. Journal of Affective Disorders, 150(2), 540–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.01.033
Lahey, B. B. (2012). Psychology: An introduction (11th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Lestari, S., & Budhi, O. (2017, September 10). Mitos pulung gantung dan upaya menangani kasus bunuh diri di Gunung Kidul. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-41194325
Meyer, C., Irani, T., Hermes, K., & Yung, B. (2017). Explaining suicide: Patterns, motivations, and what notes reveal. Academic Press. https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/books/143
Mukarromah, L., & Nuqul, F. L. (2014). Dinamika psikologis pada pelaku percobaan bunuh diri. Psikoislamika: Jurnal Psikologi Dan Psikologi Islam, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.18860/psi.v11i2.6387
Mulyani, A. A., & Eridiana, W. (2018). Faktor-faktor yang melatarbelakangi fenomena bunuh diri di Gunung Kidul. Sosietas, 8(2), 510–516. https://doi.org/10.17509/sosietas.v8i2.14593
O’Connor, R. C., & Nock, M. K. (2014). The psychology of suicidal behaviour. The Lancet Psychiatry, 1(1), 73–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(14)70222-6
Puspasari, D., & Alfian, I. N. (2012). Makna hidup penyandang cacat fisik postnatal karena kecelakaan. Jurnal Psikologi Klinis Dan Kesehatan Mental, 1(03), 133–139.
Rochmawati, I. (2009). Nglalu: Melihat fenomena bunuh diri dengan hati (Cet. 1.). Jejak Kata Kita.
Santosa, B. I., & Daksinarga, W. (2003). Tali pati?: Kisah-kisah bunuh diri di Gunung Kidul (1st ed.). Jalasutra.
Sari, D. N. P. (2012). Hubungan antara body image dan self-esteem pada dewasa awal tuna daksa. Caliyptra: Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Universitas Surabaya, 1(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001756-199606170-00005
Senra, H., Oliveira, R. A., Leal, I., & Vieira, C. (2012). Beyond the body image: A qualitative study on how adults experience lower limb amputation. Clinical Rehabilitation, 26(2), 180–191. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215511410731
Shneidmann, E. (1993). Comentary suicide as psyache. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 181(3), 145–147. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199303000-00001
Sulaeman, D. (1995). Psikologi remaja: Dimensi-dimensi perkembangan. Mandar Maju.
Valentina, D. T., & Helmi, F. A. (2016). Ketidakberdayaan dan perilaku bunuh diri: Meta-analisis. Buletin Psikologi, 24(2), 123–135. https://doi.org/10.22146/buletinpsikologi.18175
Van Orden, K. A., Witte, T. K., Cukrowicz, K. C., Braithwaite, S. R., Selby, E. A., & Joiner, T. E. (2010). The interpersonal theory of suicide. Psychological Review, 117(2), 575–600. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018697
Van Orden, K. A., Witte, T. K., Gordon, K. H., Bender, T. W., & Joiner, T. E. (2008). Suicidal desire and the capability for suicide: Tests of the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior among adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(1), 72–83. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.76.1.72
Wibawarta, B. (2006). Bushido dalam masyarakat Jepang modern. Wacana, 8(1), 54–66.
Wirasto, R. T. (2012). Suicide prevention in Indonesia: Providing public advocacy. JMAJ, 55(1).
World Health Organization. (2019, September 2). Suicide. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/suicide
You, S., Van Orden, K. A., & Conner, K. R. (2011). Social connections and suicidal thoughts and behavior. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 25(1), 180–184. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020936
Ahmed, H. U., Hossain, M. D., Aftab, A., Soron, T. R., Alam, M. T., Chowdhury, M. W. A., & Uddin, A. (2017). Suicide and depression in the World Health Organization South-East Asia Region: A systematic review. WHO South-East Asia Journal of Public Health, 6(1), 60–66. https://doi.org/10.4103/2224-3151.206167
Ardanareswari, I. (2020). Sejarah sati: Tradisi bakar diri para janda yang bermula dari India. Tirto.Id. https://tirto.id/sejarah-sati-tradisi-bakar-diri-para-janda-yang-bermula-dari-india-evFi
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497–529. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
Beck, A. T., Kovacs, M., & Weissman, A. (1975). Hopelessness and suicidal behavior: An overview. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 234(11), 1146–1149. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1975.03260240050026
Biroli, A. (2018). Bunuh diri dalam perspektif sosiologi. Simulacra: Jurnal Sosiologi, 1(2), 213–223. https://doi.org/10.21107/sml.v1i2.4996
Bogart, K. R. (2014). The role of disability self-concept in adaptation to congenital or acquired disability. Rehabilitation Psychology, 59(1), 107–115. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035800
Choi, H., & Marks, N. F. (2008). Marital conflict, depressive symptoms, and functional impairment. Journal of Marriage and Family, 70(2), 377–390. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2008.00488.x
Chu, C., Rogers, M. L., Gai, A. R., & Joiner, T. E. (2018). Role of thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness in the relationship between violent daydreaming and suicidal ideation in two adult samples. Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research, 10(1), 11–23. https://doi.org/10.1108/JACPR-10-2016-0255
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). SAGE.
Darmaningtyas. (2002). Pulung Gantung: Menyingkap tragedi bunuh diri di Gunung Kidul. Salwa Press.
De Beurs, D., Fried, E. I., Wetherall, K., Cleare, S., O’ Connor, D. B., Ferguson, E., O’Carroll, R. E., & O’ Connor, R. C. (2019). Exploring the psychology of suicidal ideation: A theory driven network analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 120(May), 103419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2019.103419
Dewi, A. K. L., & Hamidah. (2013). Hubungan antara kesepian dengan ide bunuh diri pada remaja dengan orangtua yang bercerai. Jurnal Psikologi Klinis Dan Kesehatan Mental, 2(03), 24–33.
Durkheim, E. (2005). Suicide: A study in sociology (2nd ed.). Routledge.
Essebo, M. (2018). A mythical place: A conversation on the earthly aspects of myth. Progress in Human Geography, 43(3), 515–530. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132518768426
Fahrudin, A. (2012). Fenomena bunuh diri di Gunung Kidul?: Catatan tersisa dari lapangan. Jurnal Informasi, 17(01), 13–19.
Faria, M., Santos, M. R., Sargento, P., & Branco, M. (2020). The role of social support in suicidal ideation: A comparison of employed vs. unemployed people. Journal of Mental Health, 29(1), 52–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2018.1487538
Felicitas, D. (2015, September 12). National Geographic. https://nationalgeographic.grid.id/read/13301467/bunuh-diri-di-usia-produktif
Hagerty, B. M., & Williams, R. A. (1999). The effects of sense of belonging, social support, conflict, and loneliness on depression. Nursing Research, 48(4), 215–219. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006199-199907000-00004
Hurlock, E. B. (1998). Perkembangan anak (1st ed.). Erlangga.
Imaji. (2017). Mengapa seseorang melakukan bunuh diri? https://imaji.or.id/mengapa-seseorang-melakukan-bunuh-diri/
Joiner, T. (2005). Why people die by suicide. Harvard University Press.
Jones, K. H., Jones, P. A., Middleton, R. M., Ford, D. V., Tuite-Dalton, K., Lockhart-Jones, H., Peng, J., Lyons, R. A., John, A., & Noble, J. G. (2014). Physical disability, anxiety and depression in people with MS: An internet-based survey via the UK MS register. PLoS ONE, 9(8), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0104604
Katadata (2016, Desember 22). Di provinsi mana banyak orang bunuh diri? https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2016/12/22/jawa-tengah-provinsi-dengan-kasus-bunuh-diri-terbanyak-di-indonesia
Khazem, L. R. (2018). Physical disability and suicide: Recent advancements in understanding and future directions for consideration. Current Opinion in Psychology, 22, 18–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.07.018
Kleiman, E. M., & Liu, R. T. (2013). Social support as a protective factor in suicide: Findings from two nationally representative samples. Journal of Affective Disorders, 150(2), 540–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.01.033
Lahey, B. B. (2012). Psychology: An introduction (11th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Lestari, S., & Budhi, O. (2017, September 10). Mitos pulung gantung dan upaya menangani kasus bunuh diri di Gunung Kidul. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-41194325
Meyer, C., Irani, T., Hermes, K., & Yung, B. (2017). Explaining suicide: Patterns, motivations, and what notes reveal. Academic Press. https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/books/143
Mukarromah, L., & Nuqul, F. L. (2014). Dinamika psikologis pada pelaku percobaan bunuh diri. Psikoislamika: Jurnal Psikologi Dan Psikologi Islam, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.18860/psi.v11i2.6387
Mulyani, A. A., & Eridiana, W. (2018). Faktor-faktor yang melatarbelakangi fenomena bunuh diri di Gunung Kidul. Sosietas, 8(2), 510–516. https://doi.org/10.17509/sosietas.v8i2.14593
O’Connor, R. C., & Nock, M. K. (2014). The psychology of suicidal behaviour. The Lancet Psychiatry, 1(1), 73–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(14)70222-6
Puspasari, D., & Alfian, I. N. (2012). Makna hidup penyandang cacat fisik postnatal karena kecelakaan. Jurnal Psikologi Klinis Dan Kesehatan Mental, 1(03), 133–139.
Rochmawati, I. (2009). Nglalu: Melihat fenomena bunuh diri dengan hati (Cet. 1.). Jejak Kata Kita.
Santosa, B. I., & Daksinarga, W. (2003). Tali pati?: Kisah-kisah bunuh diri di Gunung Kidul (1st ed.). Jalasutra.
Sari, D. N. P. (2012). Hubungan antara body image dan self-esteem pada dewasa awal tuna daksa. Caliyptra: Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Universitas Surabaya, 1(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001756-199606170-00005
Senra, H., Oliveira, R. A., Leal, I., & Vieira, C. (2012). Beyond the body image: A qualitative study on how adults experience lower limb amputation. Clinical Rehabilitation, 26(2), 180–191. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215511410731
Shneidmann, E. (1993). Comentary suicide as psyache. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 181(3), 145–147. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199303000-00001
Sulaeman, D. (1995). Psikologi remaja: Dimensi-dimensi perkembangan. Mandar Maju.
Valentina, D. T., & Helmi, F. A. (2016). Ketidakberdayaan dan perilaku bunuh diri: Meta-analisis. Buletin Psikologi, 24(2), 123–135. https://doi.org/10.22146/buletinpsikologi.18175
Van Orden, K. A., Witte, T. K., Cukrowicz, K. C., Braithwaite, S. R., Selby, E. A., & Joiner, T. E. (2010). The interpersonal theory of suicide. Psychological Review, 117(2), 575–600. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018697
Van Orden, K. A., Witte, T. K., Gordon, K. H., Bender, T. W., & Joiner, T. E. (2008). Suicidal desire and the capability for suicide: Tests of the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior among adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(1), 72–83. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.76.1.72
Wibawarta, B. (2006). Bushido dalam masyarakat Jepang modern. Wacana, 8(1), 54–66.
Wirasto, R. T. (2012). Suicide prevention in Indonesia: Providing public advocacy. JMAJ, 55(1).
World Health Organization. (2019, September 2). Suicide. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/suicide
You, S., Van Orden, K. A., & Conner, K. R. (2011). Social connections and suicidal thoughts and behavior. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 25(1), 180–184. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020936
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2020-10-31
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Budiarto, S., Sugiarto, R., & Putrianti, F. G. (2020). The psychological dynamic of a Pulung Gantung suicide survivor in Gunung Kidul. Jurnal Psikologi Ulayat, 8(2), 174–194. https://doi.org/10.24854/jpu112
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Copyright (c) 2020 Sulistyo Budiarto, Ryan Sugarto, Flora Grace Putrianti
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