A systematic review of Balinese caste-based Balinese women's perspectives on nyerod marriage: Between tradition and modernization

Authors

  • I Gusti Ayu Suryaning Wagiswari Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Indonesia
  • Tience Debora Valentina Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Indonesia
https://doi.org/10.24854/jpu1079

Keywords:

Balinese, inter-caste, marriage, nyerod, women

Abstract

Nyerod marriage continues to exist within Balinese Hindu society, wherein women from higher castes marry men from lower castes. This study reviews existing literature on nyerod marriage from women's perspectives, exploring the tension between tradition and modernization. The research method used is a literature review, sourced from four databases such as Google Scholar, OpenAlex, Semantic Scholar, and Crossref, with ten articles selected using the PRISMA flowchart. The findings reveal that traditionally, women in nyerod marriages face significant consequences. These include bringing shame upon their families, being required to adopt and constantly display a new social identity at all times, experiencing psychological challenges, shifts in how they communicate with their families, and other forms of social sanction. From a modern perspective, however, nyerod marriage is seen as an act of resistance by high-caste women against traditional norms of partner selection norms, driven more by economic considerations than by a desire to uphold caste hierarchy.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abbasi, N., Keshavarz, S., & Kakavand, A. (2024). Relationship between communication patterns and distress tolerance : The mediating role of family emotional atmosphere in a sample of married women. Journal of Woman and Familiy Studies, 11(4), 84–101. https://doi.org/10.22051/jwfs.2024.42244.2920

Adnyani, N. K. S. (2019). Status of women after dismissed from mixed marriage in Bali’S law perspective. Ganesha Law Review, 1(2), 73–89. https://doi.org/10.23887/glr.v1i2.56

Adnyani, N. K. S., & Purnamawati, I. G. A. (2020). Pengarusutamaan gender krama istri (warga perempuan) dalam hukum adat Bali. Pandecta: Research Law Journal, 15(1), 26–43. https://doi.org/10.15294/pandecta.v15i1.18422

Alandari, K. J., & Muti’ah, T. (2019). Konflik psikologis wanita “nyerod” dalam perkawinan adat di Bali. Jurnal Spirits, 10(1), 78–90. https://doi.org/10.30738/spirits.v10i1.6540

Anderson, J. R. (2020). Inviting autonomy back to the table: The importance of autonomy for healthy relationship functioning. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 46(1), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmft.12413

Anto, R. P., Harahap, T. K., Sastrini, Y. E., Trisnawati, S. N. I., Ayu, J. D., Sariati, Y., Hasibuan, N., Khasanah, U., Putri, A. E. D., & Mendo, A. Y. (2023). Perempuan, masyarakat, dan budaya patriarki (Edisi pertama). Tahta Media Group.

Ardhya, S. N. (2022). Eksistensi patiwangi dalam perkawinan nyerod pasca keputusan Majelis Utama Desa Pakraman Bali Nomor 01/Kep/Psm-3/Mdp Bali/X/2010. Jurnal Komunikasi Hukum (JKH), 8(2), 1007–1030. https://ejournal.undiksha.ac.id/index.php/jkh/article/view/60541

Ardika, I. W., Parimartha, I. G., & Wirawan, A. A. B. (2018). Sejarah Bali: Dari prasejarah hingga modern. Udayana University Press.

Arjani, N. L., Wiasti, N. M. & Windia, W. P. (2015). Pewarisan perempuan Bali perspektif gender. Udayana University Press.

Artana, I. M. (2021). Hak dan kewajiban perempuan yang sudah turun kasta akibat perceraian menurut hukum adat Bali. Yustitia, 15(1), 105–114. https://doi.org/10.62279/yustitia.v15i1.709

Astari, D. A. M. J., Padmadewi, N. N., & Dewi, N. L. P. E. S. (2023). Analysis of the language used by inter-caste marriage (nyerod) of Balinese women in communicating with their family. Journey: Journal of English Language and Pedagogy, 6(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.33503/journey.v6i1.2145

Buana, I. G. A. A. P. C. T., Nasri, R. F., Pravitasari, R. W., & Fausta, M. (2019). Hak anak laki-laki yang melangsungkan perkawinan nyentana. Kanun Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 21(2), 295–312. https://doi.org/10.24815/kanun.v21i2.13220

Budiana, I. N. (2018). Perkawinan beda wangsa dalam masyarakat Bali (2nd ed.). Histokultura.

Budiana, I. N., & Wiguna, M. O. C. (2021). Researching social change in Bali indigenous marriage private. Sociological Jurisprudence Journal, 4(2), 75–85. https://doi.org/10.22225/scj.4.2.2021.75-85

Cahyaningtyas, J. (2016). Inter-caste marriage in Bali: A gendered analysis of caste and its impact on Balinese women. Asian Journal of Women’s Studies, 22(3), 193–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/12259276.2016.1205374

Candrayani, M. (2023). Filosofis hukum pernikahan rakyat Hindu di Bali. Sabda Justitia, 2(1), 14–19.

Clarke, V., & Braun, V. (2017). Thematic analysis. The Journal of Positive Psychology. 12(3), 297–298. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2016.1262613

Damayanti, G. A. A. K. (2020). Problematika pernikahan generasi milenial terhadap kasta di Bali. Satya Widya: Jurnal Studi Agama, 3(2), 80–97. https://doi.org/10.33363/swjsa.v3i2.513

Devenport, S., Davis-McCabe, C., & Winter, S. (2023). A critical review of the literature regarding the selection of long‑term romantic partners. Archives of Sexua Behavior, 52(7), 3025–3042. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-023-02646-y

Dewi, K. R. A., & Arissusila, W. (2024). Pernikahan nyerod di Bali menurut perspektif sastra Hindu. Pramana: Jurnal Hasil Penelitian, 4(2), 153–162.

Dwipayana, I. K. A., & Adnyana, I. B. G. B. (2019). Legitimasi hegemoni hukum adat dalam karya sastra berlatar kultural Bali. Jurnal Ilmu Budaya, 7(2), 176–187. https://doi.org/10.34050/jib.v7i2.6917

Dwipayana, I. K. A., Astawan, N., Ekasriadi, I. A. A., Sadwika, I. N., & Liska, L. D. (2023). Hegemonic ideology and symbolic violence of Balinese language in the marriage tradition: A gender perspective. The International Journal of Social Sciences World (TIJOSSW), 5(1), 161–171. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7672342.

Firmansyah, Sukirno, & Sudaryatmi, S. (2017). Kedudukan anak dalam perkawinan adat ngerorod (kawin lari) di Desa Padang Sambian Kaja, Kecamatan Denpasar Barat, Denpasar. Diponegoro Law Journal, 6(2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.14710/dlj.2017.17380

Fletcher, G. J. O., Simpson, J. A., Thomas, G., & Giles, L. (1999). Ideals in intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(1), 72–89. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.1.72

Galland, O., & Lemel, Y. (2008). Tradition vs. modernity: The continuing dichotomy of values in European society. Revue française de sociologie, 47(4), 153–186. https://doi.org/10.3917/rfs.495.0153

Hadriani, N. L. G. (2022). Patiwangi dalam upacara perkawinan di Kota Denpasar. Jurnal Penelitian Agama Hindu, 6(1), 38-44. https://doi.org/10.37329/jpah.v6i1.1459

Hiebl, M. R. (2023). Sample selection in systematic literature reviews of management research. Organizational research methods, 26(2), 229-261. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428120986851

Hodgins, H. S., Koestner, R., & Duncan, N. (1996). On the compatibility of autonomy and relatedness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22(3), 227–237. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167296223001

Jalnuhuubun, H., Tutuarima, F., & Hatala, R. (2022). Adat perkawinan beda kasta dalam perspektif hak asasi manusi di Kei, Maluku Tenggara. Ideas: Jurnal Pendidikan, Sosial, Dan Budaya, 8(2), 589–594. https://jurnal.ideaspublishing.co.id/index.php/ideas/article/view/770

Limarandani, N. P., Sihabudin, A., & Ronda, M. (2019). Inter-caste marriage and the impact on the intra-cultural communication pattern of Balinese Hindu in Indonesia: An Ethnography Study. Asian Social Science, 15(3), 40–45. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v15n3p40

Mahardini, N. M. D., & Tobing, D. H. (2017). Perempuan Hindu-Bali yang nyerod dalam melakukan penyesuaian diri. Jurnal Psikologi Udayana, 4(2), 390–398. https://doi.org/10.24843/jpu.2017.v04.i02.p14

Mahmuddin, R., Saifullah bin Anshor, & Ngaja, H. (2021). Tinjauan hukum Islam terhadap pernikahan beda kasta (studi kasus Desa Ngafan Kabupaten Maluku Tenggara). BUSTANUL FUQAHA: Jurnal Bidang Hukum Islam, 2(1), 148–159. https://doi.org/10.36701/bustanul.v2i1.314

Malewa, M. A. (2019). Polemik budaya dan cinta : Diskriminasi pendamping hidup perempuan berkasta tinggi. Lensa Budaya: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Budaya, 14(2), 11–22. https://doi.org/10.34050/jlb.v14i2.9161

Oksavina, M. B. (2023). Keabsahan perkawinan semarga masyarakat adat Batak ditinjau dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan. Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum dan Dinamika Masyarakat, 21(1), 45–50. https://doi.org/10.56444/hdm.v21i1.4034

Oz-Soysal, F. S., Bakalim, O., Tasdelen-Karckay, A., & Ogan, S. (2024). The association between autonomy need satisfaction and perceived romantic relationship quality: The mediating role of openness. Emerging Adulthood, 12(2), 187–200. https://doi.org/10.1177/21676968231220074

Paramitha, I. A. P., & Susilawati, L. K. P. A. (2016). Resiliensi perempuan janda nyerod yang pernah mulih deha. Jurnal Psikologi Udayana, 3(3), 466–478.

Pawana, I. G. (2018). Prosesi Upacara Perkawinan Adat Bali di Desa Duda Timur. Jurnal Pangkaja: Jurnal Agama Hindu, 21(2), 186–198.

Pradnyawati, N. P. G., Santoso, W. M., & Siscawati, M. (2022). Posisi perempuan Bali dalam perkawinan beda kasta. Dharmasmrti: Jurnal Ilmu Agama Dan Kebudayaan, 22(1), 73–85.

Prami, A. A. I. N. D., & Zuryani, N. (2016). Perkawinan antar wangsa : Analisis perwarisan dalam adat Bali (kajian masyarakat aktif Bali). Jurnal Community, 2(2), 242–255. https://doi.org/10.35308/jcpds.v2i2.141

Putro, A. B. P. S., Qorni, U. D. I., Hermawan, H. A., Purwasaputri, RR. A. G., & Pramulia, A. N. I. (2020). Harmonisasi hukum perkawinan adat Bali dengan hukum positif Indonesia. Jurnal Hukum Lex Generalis, 1(3), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.56370/jhlg.v1i3.250

Rahmawati, N. N. (2016). Perempuan Bali dalam pergulatan gender (kajian budaya, tradisi, dan agama Hindu). An1mage: Jurnal Studi Kultural, 1(1), 58–64.

Rahmawati, N. N. (2021). Budaya Bali dan kedudukan perempuan setelah menikah (perspektif hukum waris Hindu). Satya Dharma: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 4(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.33363/sd.v4i1.709

Ridwan, M., AM, S., Ulum, B., & Muhammad, F. (2021). Pentingnya penerapan literature review pada penelitian ilmiah. Jurnal Masohi, 2(1), 42–51. https://doi.org/10.36339/jmas.v2i1.427

Risna, I. G. A. A. I., Devi, P., & Nurchayati, N. (2021). Penyesuaian diri perempuan Bali turun kasta. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora, 10(3), 368–390. https://doi.org/10.23887/jish-undiksha.v10i3.34273

Sadia, N. M., Wijana, I. N., & Wirata, I. W. (2020). Komunikasi perkawinan nyerod pada umat Hindu di Kota Mataram. Sadharananikarana: Jurnal Ilmiah Komunikasi Hindu, 2(2), 307–320.

Sadnyini, I. A. (2016). Punishments of brahmin women marriage in Bali (in the prespective of Hindu values). Mimbar Hukum-Fakultas Hukum Universitas Gadjah Mada, 28(3), 544–555. https://doi.org/10.22146/jmh.16693

Sadnyini, I. A., & Gorda, A. A. A. N. T. R. (2021). Social changes of traditional rules in facing contemporary developments: A sociological study of intercaste marriage in Balinese society. International Journal of Criminology and Sociology, 10, 79–83. https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2021.10.11

Safitri, F., Harsanti, I., & Satriadi, S. (2022). Hubungan antara kebersyukuran dan kepuasan pernikahan pada dewasa awal. COMSERVA: Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat, 2(5), 297–307. https://doi.org/10.59141/comserva.v2i5.323

Sartini, N. W., Artawa, K., Sukiada, N., & Palupi, D. D. (2020). Language behaviour toward Balinese women in inter-caste marriages. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 14(4), 168–182.

Segara, I. N. Y. (2015). Perkawinan nyerod : Kontestasi, negosiasi, dan komodifikasi di atas mozaik kebudayaan Bali. PT Saadah Pustaka Mandiri.

Segara, I. N. Y. (2018). “Tubuh perempuan Hindu” dan budaya dominan di Bali: Antara perspektif agama, budaya dan realitas kontemporer. Penamas, 31(1), 13–28. https://doi.org/10.31330/penamas.v31i1.235

Segara, I. N. Y. (2019). Balinese Hindu women. Atlantis Press, 339, 170–174. https://doi.org/10.2991/aicosh-19.2019.38

Setyawan, A., Aloysius, S., & Mauritsius, D. (2023). Perkawinan beda kasta menurut hukum adat Bali di Kecamatan Gianyar, Kabupaten Gianyar, Provinsi Bali. JHO: Jurnal Hukum Online, 1(5), 82–97.

Suacana, I. W. G. (2016). The gender equality and justice of Balinese women in traditional life. International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Culture, 2(3), 45–55. https://sloap.org/journals/index.php/ijllc/article/view/117

Subawa, I. M. P. (2022). The meaning of social construction Hindu community exogamy marriage in Bali. Vidyottama Sanatana: International Journal of Hindu Science and Religious Studies, 6(1), 118–123. https://doi.org/10.25078/vidyottama.v6i1.658

Sudarma, I. P. (2015). Bias gender dalam perkawinan beda wangsa pada masyarakat Hindu di Bali. Harmoni, 14(3), 158–165. from //jurnalharmoni.kemenag.go.id/index.php/harmoni/article/view/106

Sudirana, I. W. (2019). Tradisi versus modern: Diskursus pemahaman istilah tradisi dan modern di Indonesia. MUDRA Jurnal Seni Budaya. 34(1), 127–135. https://doi.org/10.31091/mudra.v34i1.647

Sujana, I. N., Santiago, F., & Lisdiono, E. (2023). The dissolution of descended caste marriage and its implication on Balinese women: Human right perspectives. Russian Law Journal, 11(3), 2045–2052. https://doi.org/10.52783/rlj.v11i3.1990

Sukerti, N. N., & Ariani, I. G. A. A. (2018). Budaya hukum masyarakat adat Bali terhadap eksistensi perkawinan beda wangsa. Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal), 7(4), 516–528. https://doi.org/10.24843/jmhu.2018.v07.i04.p07

Susantin, J., & Rijal, S. (2021). Tradisi bhen-ghiben pada perkawinan adat Madura (studi kasus di Kabupaten Sumenep-Madura). Jurnal Tambora, 5(1), 94–99. https://doi.org/10.35127/kabillah.v5i2.121

Susila, I. N. A., & Dewi, P. E. R. (2022). Hukum adat: Kesetaraan gender pada perkawinan matriarki di Bali. Pariksa: Jurnal Hukum Agama Hindu, 6(1), 85–93. https://doi.org/10.55115/pariksa.v6i1.2243

Sutika, I. N. D. (2022). Stereotip perempuan dalam jargon budaya. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Bahasa, Sastra, & Budaya, 1, 211–220.

Sutika, I. N. D. (2024). Perkawinan pratiloma tokoh yayati dalam teks cerita adiparwa dan konteks anomali dalam masyarakat Bali. Prosiding Seminar Sastra Budaya dan Bahasa (SEBAYA), 4, 106–115.

Swastika, I. K. P. (2017). Wanita dalam sistem perkawinan Hindu. Pustaka Bali Post.

Vratasti, I. G. A. M., & Wilani, N. M. A. (2016). Perbedaan subjective well-being pada perempuan Bali yang menikah sesama wangsa dan berbeda wangsa. Jurnal Psikologi Udayana, 3(3), 145–154.

Widyasari, A., & Suyanto, S. (2023). Pembagian kerja dalam rumah tangga antara suami dan istri yang bekerja. Endogami: Jurnal Ilmiah Kajian Antropologi, 6(2), 209–226. https://doi.org/10.14710/endogami.6.2.209-226

Wisuda, P. P. T., Sudarma, I. P., Subrata, I. N., & Sarma, N. (2021). Sanksi terlarang pada perkawinan nyeburin antarwangsa di Bali. Widya Katambung: Jurnal Filsafat Agama Hindu, 12(1), 25–44. https://doi.org/ 10.33363/ wk.v12i1.673

Published

2025-05-19

How to Cite

Wagiswari, I. G. A. S., & Valentina, T. D. (2025). A systematic review of Balinese caste-based Balinese women’s perspectives on nyerod marriage: Between tradition and modernization. Jurnal Psikologi Ulayat, 12(1), 131–156. https://doi.org/10.24854/jpu1079

Issue

Section

Literature Review

Citation Check